Data for the analysis of the large areas can be obtained from sources such as topographic maps, aerial and satellite images, or airborne laser scanning (ALS). Techniques used in geomorphological mappings conducted in the field, such as profiles, total stations (TS), differential GPS, or nowadays terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry, should be distinguished.

The measurement techniques used to calculate the morphometric parameters of landforms have evolved over the years. The algorithm can also be applied to other types of concave forms, as well as being based on other DEM data sources, which makes it a universal tool for morphometric evaluation.

The results obtained with the tool showed differences in the assessment of the volume parameter at the average level of 12%, when comparing the field data and LiDAR data. Calculations were based on elevation data collected in the field and LiDAR data. The method was successfully tested on an example of 21 erosion-denudation valleys located in the young glacial area of northwest Poland. The required input data are a digital elevation model and the form boundary as a vector layer. The Morphometry Assessment Tools (MAT) toolbox in the ArcGIS software was developed. The aim of this study was to develop a geographic information systems (GIS) toolbox for the automatic extraction of 26 morphometric characteristics, which include the geometry, hypsometry, and volume of concave landforms. The rapid development of remote sensing technology for obtaining high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) in recent years has made them more and more widely available and has allowed them to be used for morphometric assessment of concave landforms, such as valleys, gullies, glacial cirques, sinkholes, craters, and others.

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